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Image formation in EM is distorted by modulation of a contrast transfer function (CTF). Distortion depends on the physical parameters of the microscope, such as keV and lens abberations. Correcting for these aberrations is done by comparing the experimentally observed power spectral density (PSD) of EM images to a theoretically generated CTF.

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1. Ace Estimation
2. Ace 2 Estimation
3. CtfTilt Estimation

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